Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. This list of ebola outbreaks records the known occurrences of ebola virus disease, a highly infectious and acutely lethal viral disease that has afflicted humans and animals primarily in equatorial africa. New ebola outbreak in africa is a major test for the who. The ebola outbreak in west africa demonstrated once more the ability of a weak public health system in one country to threaten global health security for all. Ebola virus disease evd, or simply ebola, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Average 1065 alertsday over past 7 days 86% investigated within 24 hours. Ebola virus is a hemorrhagic fever virus in the filoviridae family. Jan 14, 2016 ebola was first identified in 1976 and occurs in regions of subsaharan africa. The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in humans with a case fatality rate of up to 90%.
With high fatality rates, earlier outbreaks quickly burned out due to the natural firewall of remoteness. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola virus. Since the first documented evd outbreak in zaire now. The impact of ebola on the tourism and hospitality. This type of work is necessary for the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs for ebola. Zaire ebolavirus, bundibugyo ebolavirus, and sudan ebolavirus are the three. There are normally fewer than 500 cases reported each year, and no. Despite the negative impact of ebola, the country would become a popular destination for international tourists who will be interested to hear and see ebola survivors. That was a devastating outbreak with 318 cases and 218 deaths for a case fatality ratio of 88%, one of the most deadly outbreak in history. The essential specimens for virus detection are venous whole blood in an edta lavender or purple top containing tube plus a.
Munster a alaboratory of virology, rocky mountain laboratories, national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, national institutes of health. Biology 101, mwf 10am ebola paper ebola virus over the past couple years, discussion regarding the ebola virus has gone viral and ignited chaos both domestically and abroad. The 20142016 ebola outbreak in west africa has ended. Symptoms the incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of symptoms, is from 2 to 21 days. These factors include occurrence in a region recovering from civil instability and lacking experience with ebola. Hunting and butchering of wildlife great apes and fruit bats has been identified in previous outbreaks as. Archives of neuroscience nature and history of ebola virus. The previous blog post ebola virus disease outbreak, west africa, 2014 presented the current situation of the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd that is currently taking place in guinea, sierra leone liberia and nigeria. Unlike past outbreaks, which lasted for a very short time, this outbreak has lasted for more than a year and has not yet fully abated. Democratic republic of congo in 1976 1 us center for disease control and prevention, outbreaks chronology. Perspectives on west africa ebola virus disease outbreak.
Chronology of ebola virus disease outbreaks, 19762014. A member of the ring vaccination team vaccinates a man in bosolo village. A year after the deadliest ebola outbreak ever in africa, the virus has returned. Recent loss of closed forests is associated with ebola. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african. In 1976, the investigation of concurrent outbreaks of a hemorrhagic fever syndrome ebola virus disease evd in zaire currently democratic republic of congo and sudan currently republic of south sudan 1,2 led to isolation of 2 viruses now referred to as ebola virus ebov and sudan virus, respectively, and to identification of a newly recognized viral hemorrhagic fever genus. Some readers requested additional information about the number of outbreaks of evd in history and affected countries, so i decided to visualized the chronology of ebola. Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west african countries. Zaire ebolavirus, bundibugyo ebolavirus, and sudan ebolavirus are the three species of ebola virus responsible for the larger outbreaks in africa. Sep 02, 2014 genetic and epidemiological evidence from who officially confirms that the outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of congo is unrelated to that ravaging west africa. Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic. Ebolavirus disease ebola outbreaks in africa important information for clinicians in secondary or tertiary. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
As of september 14, 2014, a total of 4507 confirmed and probable cases of ebola virus disease evd, as well as 2296 deaths from the virus, had been reported from five countries in west africa. Ebola virus disease outbreaks chronology 19762018 statista. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file. Ebola virus disease, which shows that the historical fatality of the zaire strain has been between 44% and above 90%. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming thousands of lives. Ebola free declarations are mathematical milestones, issued after two, 21. Zaire ebolavirus, the most fatal ebola virus, was associated with the 20142016 outbreak in west africa, the largest ebola outbreak to date with more than 28,600 cases.
Feb 04, 2020 cases and vaccinations for west africa and the ongoing drc ebola virus disease outbreaks, and overall case fatality rate cfr for all evd outbreaks. The 20142016 outbreak in west africa was the largest and most complex ebola outbreak. Both nigeria and senegal may be declared ebolafree by the. According to the inventors, crossprotection studies will need to be done. The macroeconomic impact of the ebola virus disease 37.
Fortytwo years of responding to ebola virus outbreaks in. Ebola virus is negativesense rna virus with a nonsegmented genome similar to that of rsv and niv. This is the first documented ebolavirus outbreak in west africa. Ebola virus is named after a small river in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo, drc where the first evd outbreak occurred in 1976. Ebola virus disease in west africa the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. Ehf occurred nearly simultaneously in 1976 in the democratic republic of the congo drc, former zaire and sudan with very high case fatality rates of 88% and 53%, respectively. Ebola virus disease in west africathe first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. Until 20, most outbreaks occurred in the central africa region, including zaire, sudan and uganda.
Over the last 38 years periodically many epidemics of ebola virus disease. Documented human and nonhuman primate outbreaks in africa ebola viruses constitute a serious threat to both human and wildlife health in the congo and. Ebola virus disease evd is a zoonosis that causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans 1. It was associated with the 20142016 outbreak in west africa, the largest ebola outbreak to date with more than 28,600 cases, as well as the current ongoing.
Ebola virus is infamous due to its reputation in hemorrhagic fever disease outbreaks in various countries of the world including west africa. The variety of factors that contributed to the initial undetected spread of ebola virus disease in west africa during 202016 and the difficulty controlling the outbreak once the etiology was identified highlight priorities for disease prevention, detection, and response. A table of all known ebola outbreaks can be found in the who report who. This is the ninth of drcs outbreaks, which until now have been confined mainly to rural areas. There are normally fewer than 500 cases reported each year, and no cases were reported at all between 1979 and 1994. Ehf has been associated with large human outbreaks, with case fatality rates for zebov as high as 90% 7, 8, 9. These new findings about how the virus behaves and transmits may explain why ebola virus has reemerged in liberia after the country was declared free of the disease, as genomic evidence suggests the new cases have originated from a survivor rather than from neighbouring countries 18 world health organization, ebola situation report, op.
Ebola was first identified in 1976 and occurs in regions of subsaharan africa. It is thought that fruit bats of the pteropodidae family are natural ebola virus hosts. The west african outbreak that began in 2014 and ended in 2016 was the largest ever recorded, with 15,261 laboratoryconfirmed cases, according to the who. The tremendous outbreak of ebola virus disease occurring in west africa since the end of 20 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. Ebola virus disease formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal illness, with a death rate of up to 90% caused by ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. Adapted by crs from the centers of disease control and prevention cdc at resourcesdistributionmapguineaoutbreak. Fortytwo years of responding to ebola virus outbreaks in sub. Introduction ebola virus disease evd is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and. Genetic and epidemiological evidence from who officially confirms that the outbreak of ebola virus disease in the democratic republic of congo is unrelated to that ravaging west africa. The 2014 ebola virus disease evd outbreak in west africa is the longest, largest, deadliest, and the most complex in history. The western african ebola virus epidemic 202016 was the most widespread outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in historycausing major loss of life and socioeconomic disruption in the region, mainly in guinea, liberia and sierra leone. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. The world health organization who announced saturday that an outbreak of ebola in the far north of the country. The outbreak resulted in 14,124 cases and 3,956 deaths.
The firstever identified ebola outbreak occurred in the drcthen zairein 1976. Muyembetamfum jj, mulangu s, masumu j, kayembe jm, kemp a, paweska jt. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal. Munster a alaboratory of virology, rocky mountain laboratories, national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, national institutes of health, hamilton, mt, usa. In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date. For the current one, see 201819 kivu ebola outbreak. Zaire, sudan and bundibugyo ebola viruses are accountable for most of the ehf epidemic but zebov establish a particularly serious threat to both human and nhps in subsaharan africa. Outbreaks in africa occur mainly in the congo and nile basins. It provides an update on research on the ecology of ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the. Review article delayed recognition of ebola virus disease is associated with longer and larger outbreaks m. Socioeconomic impact of ebola virus disease in west. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Current situation in the democratic republic of the congo.
Zaire ebolavirus is the deadliest strain with sudan second, and also the one that is causing the current outbreak. The first outbreak of ebola virus disease was reported in democratic republic of congo in 1976, in a community near to ebola river, that is the reason of its name. Oct 30, 2017 ebola virus disease evd is a contagious, severe and often lethal form of hemorrhagic fever in humans. Delayed recognition of ebola virus disease is associated. Zaire ebolavirus ebov has a fatality rate of up to 90% in humans and the viral dsrna is sensed by rigi to activate innate immune responses habjan et al. Laboratory diagnosis of ebola virus disease plays a critical role in outbreak response efforts. The association of evd outbreaks with forest clearance has been suggested previously but. Pdf ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf is a zoonosis affecting both human and nonhuman. Delayed recognition of ebola virus disease is associated with. Ebola virus disease, which shows that the historical fatality of the zaire.
Since the discovery of ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic methodologies have. Ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%. The two outbreaks were caused by two distinct species of ebola virus named zaire ebolavirus zebov and sudan ebolavirus sebov. Ebola virus is characterized by high lethality, high infectivity, and lack of effective treatment or prophylaxis. Ebola virus disease who regional office for africa. A framework for the study of zoonotic disease emergence and its drivers. Visit the ebola outbreak section for information on current ebola outbreaks on march 23, 2014, the world health organization who reported cases of ebola virus disease evd in the forested rural region of southeastern guinea. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness affecting humans and other primates. Ebola virus disease evd, also known as ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebola viruses. A total cases suspected, probable, confirmed are included for the 202016 west africa ebola virus disease evd outbreak and the ongoing evd outbreak in the democratic republic of the. The first cases were recorded in guinea in december 20. E1e8 june 2012 with 366 reads how we measure reads. The largest outbreak of ebola virus since 1976 occurred in sierra leone between 2014 and 2016.
Wood jl, leach m, waldman l, macgregor h, fooks ar, jones ke, et al. According to the inventors, crossprotection studies will need to. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. Introduction ebola virus disease evd is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and nonhuman primates. The current outbreak started in february 2014 in guinea, west africa and spread into liberia in march. Over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. Past and present article pdf available in the onderstepoort journal of veterinary research 792. Analysis of ebola epidemic outbreaks in west africa. Mar 10, 2015 ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it was first recognised in 1976. Since then, subsaharan africa has been affected by periodic ebola outbreaks.
The first evd outbreak was reported in the 1970s in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa ecdc. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches.
The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral. The present epidemic of evd is being regarded as an unprecedented major outbreak of west africa. The impact of ebola on the tourism and hospitality industry. The disease was first identified in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks in subsaharan africa, one in nzara and the other in yambuku, a village near the ebola river, from which the disease takes its name. Ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf is a zoonosis affecting both human and non human primates nhp. Ebola virus disease commonly known as ebola was first described in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in the democratic republic of the congo and what is now south sudan. The continued spread is facilitated by insufficient medical facilities, poor sanitation, travel, and unsafe burial practices. Ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. Previous evd outbreaks were confined to remote regions of central africa. Ebola virus, being highly pathogenic for humans and nonhuman primates and the subject of former weapons programmes, is now one of the most feared pathogens worldwide. The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. Outbreaks in africa occur mainly in the congo and nile.
The ebola virus can cause severe viral haemorrhagic fever ebola hf outbreaks in. Different species of ebola virus along with marburg virus under the family filoviridae are 90% associated with mortality. Cases and vaccinations for west africa and the ongoing drc ebola virus disease outbreaks, and overall case fatality rate cfr for all evd outbreaks. Therefore, the patent was for the invention of a diagnosticmethod for detecting the bundibugyo strain of the ebola virus. The current paper briefly discussed the history of ebola virus along with its origin, geographical. Before the 2014 2016 epidemic, reports of ebola outbreaks in africa largely focused on severe and fatal illness, but the spectrum of ebola virus infection may have also included milder infections that escaped detection. Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in. Ebola is a virus that was discovered back in 1976, but has not failed to grab peoples attention in the recent years 1. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals such as fruit bats, porcupines and nonhuman primates and then spreads in the human population through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and. Since the outbreak of the ebola virus in may 2014 in guinea, liberia and sierra leone, the tourism and hospitality. Evd was first identified in africa in 1976 2 and since then is estimated to have killed. The 202016 outbreak, caused by ebola virus ebov 37 was the first anywhere in the world to reach epidemic proportions.
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